Why Does Sunrise And Sunset Change Differently
The Earths orbit around the Sun is elliptical, rather than circular, and the Earths axis of rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of the orbit. This non-circularity of the orbit and the tilt of the Earths axis of rotation both contribute to the uneven changes in the times of sunrise and sunset.
Assault On Juno Beach
Desmond Piers, a 30-year-old naval captain, watched the invasion unfold from the bridge of his destroyer, HMCS Algonquin. It was a murky morning, he remembered. Before dawn we could hear aircraft from Britain carrying paratroopers acrossthe Channel. Then daylight came, and the sky was filled with bombers and fighters, and there before us was France, with all these landing craft streaming towards it. It was just amazing.
LLOYD BENTLEY, 48 Squadron RAFLloyd Bentley was one of the tens of thousands of Canadians who served with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.On D-Day, he was responsible for dropping paratroopers inland from Juno Beach. In an interview with The Memory Project, Bentley recalled the sheer scale of the D-Day operation: There were thirteen thousandaircraft that took part and between five and seven thousand ships. And I swear, if I had long legs and stepped down on those ships I could have walked back to England, they were so thick. It was the most amazing sight Ive ever seen in my life. WatchBentleys interview in the video below. It is also included in The Memory Projects DVD resource, Record of Service.
Map Of The Initial Assault
The initial landing was a mess. Landing craft were mixed up. Individual units were blended together, if they survived the initial landing at all. And what you saw were mixtures of troops from different units combining to achieve objectives that were shifting as the battle carried on throughout the day. You saw troops from the 1st and 29th infantry divisions doing whatever they could to get out of the killing zone that was Omaha Beach. And by the end of the day, those troops did come together under whatever officers could be found to achieve some of the initial goals for that day.
You have just concentrations of troops landing wherever they came ashore and getting into groups of a dozen, 20, a half dozen, and trying to make it through the worst parts of the beach and up onto the high ground above. The difficulty there was that, in some cases, troops were landing in areas that they hadnt been briefed on. They had gone over some of the basics of the initial assault. But you had troops that were supposed to be going through one specific exit point from the beach, and they were hundreds of yards from that point. The intelligence that they had on the German defenders was useless from the standpoint of where they actually were.
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This Month In Census History
On June 23, 1944, the Mason City, IA, Globe-Gazette reported that 63 percent of all women in the United States aged 14 years and older were marriedan increase of about 2 million since 1940.The U.S. Census Bureau suspected the increase was due to “war marriages” between couples “tying the knot” before soldiers left for boot camp or deployed overseas and increased economic asa a result of low unemployment and high wages.War and post-war marriages contributed to a “baby boom” that saw the nation’s population grow by more than 71 million between 1940 and 1970.
Who Won The Battle Of Okinawa
![Omaha Beach](https://www.tutordale.com/wp-content/uploads/omaha-beach-world-war-ii-britannica-com.jpeg)
Winning the Battle of Okinawa put Allied forces within striking distance of Japan. But wanting to bring the war to a swift end, and knowing over 2 million Japanese troops were awaiting battle-weary American soldiers, Harry S. Truman chose to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6.
Japan didnt give in immediately, so Truman ordered the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9. Finally, Japan had had enough. On August, 14, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced Japans surrender, marking the end of World War II.
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More Places to Visit in Normandy: While visiting the D-Day landing beaches, you are sure to be struck by the lovely countryside and coastline, which you can explore easily with our page on the top-rated attractions and places to visit in Normandy. You will also find our page on the top tourist attractions in Rouen and easy day trips handy in planning your trip, as well as our insider’s guide to visiting Mont Saint Michel, on the western coast of Normandy.
Places to Visit in France: To see more of the nearby tourist attractions of France, you can use our page on places to visit in Brittany. Like Normandy, Brittany is where you’ll find some of the most beautiful beaches in France.
Utah And Juno Beaches
Utah Beach, while not a part of the initial invasion plan, became a strategic objective for its proximity to the port at Cherbourg. Utah Beach lies on the eastern side of the Cotentin Peninsula in northern France, and it accommodated United States troops departing from Exeter, Torquay, Dartmouth and Plymouth in southern England. The 3rd Canadian Division landed at Juno Beach, located north of Caen. The Canadians departed from Portsmouth with the objective to capture the airfield at Carpiquet. Of all the Allied divisions that participated in the Normandy invasion, the 3rd Canadian at Juno Beach made the deepest incursion into occupied territory.
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Technician Fifth Grade John J Pinder Jr
Unit: 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, near Colleville-sur-Mer, France. On D-day, Technician 5th Grade Pinder landed on the coast 100 yards off shore under devastating enemy machinegun and artillery fire which caused severe casualties among the boatload. Carrying a vitally important radio, he struggled towards shore in waist-deep water. Only a few yards from his craft he was hit by enemy fire and was gravely wounded. Technician 5th Grade Pinder never stopped. He made shore and delivered the radio. Refusing to take cover afforded, or to accept medical attention for his wounds, Technician 5th Grade Pinder, though terribly weakened by loss of blood and in fierce pain, on 3 occasions went into the fire-swept surf to salvage communication equipment. He recovered many vital parts and equipment, including another workable radio. On the 3rd trip he was again hit, suffering machinegun bullet wounds in the legs. Still this valiant soldier would not stop for rest or medical attention. Remaining exposed to heavy enemy fire, growing steadily weaker, he aided in establishing the vital radio communication on the beach. While so engaged this dauntless soldier was hit for the third time and killed. The indomitable courage and personal bravery of Technician 5th Grade Pinder was a magnificent inspiration to the men with whom he served.
Spread And Focus Strategy
D-Day called for one of the most critical spread and focus strategies in history. The Allies needed an entry into Europe that would maximize their chances of success while minimizing the risk to lives and military assets. The map of Europe prior to D-Day illustrates how they arrived at their brilliant solution.
First, look at the extreme breadth of the Russian front. Keeping Germany occupied with a two-front war, which meant maintaining a coalition with Stalin and the Soviets, was a critical element of Allied strategy. As Americans, we remember the drama of D-Day, the liberation of Paris, and the Battle of the Bulge. But it was the Barbarossa campaigna battle of unprecedented size between Russia and Germanythat made the invasion from the West possible. More than a million German soldiers were occupied on the eastern front on D-Day, when the Allies invaded the western front.
Second, take a glance at Scotland, facing Norway to the east. Norway was important to Hitler as the home of his U-boat bases. Taking advantage of the geographic proximity of Scotland to northern Europe, Allied leaders developed a strategy called Fortitude North. The Fortitude North ruse was intended to freeze in place the thirteen army divisions that Hitler had stationed in Norway, Denmark, and Finland. To create a credible threat to the north, the Allies needed some loud saber-rattling in Scotland.
He who defends everything, defends nothing.
Frederick the Great
The Operational or Campaign Map View
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Sword Beach And The Atlantic Wall Museum
The easternmost D-Day landing beach is at Riva-Bella, part of Ouistreham and a short walk from the terminal where today ferries arrive from Portsmouth, England. Ouistreham has a small fishing harbor but is also home to the entrance of the Caen Canal, the outlet of the River Orne and the Port of Caen. The Atlantic Wall was especially strong here, with armed bunkers every 100 yards and beaches strewn with mines and tank traps.
The British and a contingent of Free French landed at 7:30am on June 6, and by 9:30, the Casino, seat of the German command force, had been cleared by Free French commandos. Still in operation was the German fire control post, a 52-foot-high concrete bunker that was not taken until June 9.
This bunker is now one of the most authentic museums of the entire coast, recreating in exact detail the appearance and work of each room in its six floors, including the observation post with its powerful range-finder and a 360-degree view over Sword Beach. Using actual equipment and furnishings, the bunker details the daily life of the soldiers stationed here, as they directed the fire from batteries covering the entrance of the Orne and the canal. Additional exhibits detail the building, extent, and camouflage of the Atlantic Wall.
Address: Avenue du 6 Juin, Ouistreham
Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt Jr
Unit: 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division
Citation: For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in France. After 2 verbal requests to accompany the leading assault elements in the Normandy invasion had been denied, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt’s written request for this mission was approved and he landed with the first wave of the forces assaulting the enemy-held beaches. He repeatedly led groups from the beach, over the seawall and established them inland. His valor, courage, and presence in the very front of the attack and his complete unconcern at being under heavy fire inspired the troops to heights of enthusiasm and self-sacrifice. Although the enemy had the beach under constant direct fire, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt moved from one locality to another, rallying men around him, directed and personally led them against the enemy. Under his seasoned, precise, calm, and unfaltering leadership, assault troops reduced beach strong points and rapidly moved inland with minimum casualties. He thus contributed substantially to the successful establishment of the beachhead in France.
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Battle Of Okinawa Death Toll
Both sides suffered enormous losses in the Battle of Okinawa. The Americans bore over 49,000 casualties including 12,520 killed. General Buckner was killed in action on June 18, just days before the battle ended.
Japanese losses were even greaterabout 110,000 Japanese soldiers lost their lives. Its estimated between 40,000 and 150,000 Okinawa citizens were also killed.
Sword And Gold Beaches
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The British 50th Division, which launched from Southampton, sought to invade the centrally located Gold Beach and link up with U.S. forces at Omaha Beach. Gold Beach presented an opportunity to seize Arrolnanches and an important crossroads located southwest at Bayeux. One of the most well equipped D-Day divisions, the British 50th benefited from the support of the 79th Armoured Division. The British 3rd Infantry Division departed from Newhaven to capture Sword Beach, the easternmost of the Normandy invasion points. From Sword Beach, the 3rd Infantry sought to advance south to Caen, though the city remained under German control until the end of June.
References
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Private Carlton W Barrett
Unit: 18th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division.
Citation: For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in the vicinity of St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France. On the morning of D-day Pvt. Barrett, landing in the face of extremely heavy enemy fire, was forced to wade ashore through neck-deep water. Disregarding the personal danger, he returned to the surf again and again to assist his floundering comrades and save them from drowning. Refusing to remain pinned down by the intense barrage of small-arms and mortar fire poured at the landing points, Pvt. Barrett, working with fierce determination, saved many lives by carrying casualties to an evacuation boat Iying offshore. In addition to his assigned mission as guide, he carried dispatches the length of the fire-swept beach he assisted the wounded he calmed the shocked he arose as a leader in the stress of the occasion. His coolness and his dauntless daring courage while constantly risking his life during a period of many hours had an inestimable effect on his comrades and is in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army.
Map Of The Planned Assault
The map in the top left of the infographic illustrates the plan and the believed disposition of German forces for the landings in Omaha Beach. This was not carried out on the morning of June 6.
This map shows the planned landing force movements along with the planned landing force objectives. Spots of German resistance are shown along the coast.
Sections of Omaha Beach are labeled Charlie, Dog Green, Dog White, Dog Red, Easy Green, Easy Red, Fox Green, Fox Red.
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Utah Beach And The Museum Of The Landings
All things are relative, and measured by the tremendous casualties elsewhere, Utah Beach was almost easy. By the time the 4th Infantry hit the beach at 6:30am, the tide was low, and bombers and artillery from ships offshore had already battered the German coastal defenses and disabled much of their firepower.
This reduction in enemy fire secured their landing during low tide, creating conditions that made it possible to safely land all but two tanks by revealing the placements of “Czech Hedgehogs,” “Rommel’s Asparagus,” and other landing obstacles, some of which you can still see in the dunes. By 1pm, the American 4th Infantry had joined up with the airborne units inland to secure the area.
A former bunker of the Atlantic Wall has been incorporated into the Museum of the Landings, where you can see one of only six remaining original B26 Marauder bombers and an LVT-2 Water Buffalo, the landing craft used to offload supplies from the cargo ships off the coast.
The exhibits are especially well designed to illustrate not just the operations at Utah Beach, but the entire Operation Overlord, and some pieces of equipment are accompanied by videos demonstrating how they worked. Among the several monuments here is Milestone 00, marking the beginning of Liberty Road, and commemorating the route of Allied forces from the Normandy beaches to Bastogne, Belgium.
Address: Plage de la Madeleine, Sainte Marie du Mont
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Omaha Beach: American Cemetery And Overlord Museum
The landing at Omaha Beach went badly from the start and by the end of June 6, the Americans had lost 3,000 men, with as many more wounded or missing. But they had secured a narrow corridor to get supplies and equipment ashore.
It is fitting that this scene of so many casualties should be the location of the American Cemetery, where 9,386 graves are marked with perfectly aligned white marble headstones. You can also visit the Memorial, the Garden of the Missing, and a viewing platform that overlooks Omaha Beach.
In the Overlord Museum, 10,000 artifacts including vehicles, tanks, and cannons are used to create realistic life-sized replicas of scenes from the D-Day landings and the subsequent operations culminating in the liberation of Paris.
Giving it a human dimension are accounts, stories, impressions, and objects from those events. Sound and light effects add to the authentic equipment and artifacts, making the reconstructed scenes even more realistic. The museum is well-suited for younger visitors, with exhibits and programs that make history understandable.
Address: Rond-point d’accès du Cimetière Américain, Lotissement Omaha Center, Colleville-sur-Mer
Are Days Getting Shorter
Making this startling revelation, scientists said that the earths rotation is faster than normal due to which the length of a day is currently ever-so-slightly shorter than the normal 24 hours, media reported. The year 2020 included 28 shortest days since 1960 and 2021 is predicted to be even shorter.
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Landing On The Beachheads
As dawn arrived on April 1, morale was low among American troops as the Fifth Fleet launched the largest bombardment ever to support a troop landing to soften Japanese defenses.
Soldiers and Army brass alike expected the beach landings to be a massacre worse than D-Day. But the Fifth Fleets offensive onslaught was almost pointless and landing troops could have literally swum to shoresurprisingly, the expected mass of awaiting Japanese troops wasnt there.
On D-Day, American troops fought hard for every inch of beachheadbut troops landing on Okinawas beaches surged inland with little resistance. Wave after wave of troops, tanks, ammunition and supplies went ashore almost effortlessly within hours. The troops quickly secured both Kadena and Yontan airfields.